| In recent years, with the development of cell and tissue engineering techniques, mesenchymal stem cells have been widely concerned and studied. They have the advantages of easy separation and acquisition, relatively simple culture process, and can self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fat cells, etc. thus are ideal stem cells. Based on a large number of studies on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, those from various sources such as fat, skeletal muscle and synovium are also widely used in the in vivo and in vitro studies of bone and cartilage tissue. Although mesenchymal stem cells have made rapid progress in basic research, there are still many problems in the clinical application of stem cell therapy, such as the differentiation mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells is not clear, the directional differentiation cannot be precisely regulated, and there are many factors limiting bone and cartilage regeneration. These affect the effect of treatment to a great extent, and therefore further research is needed. |