| Previous studies have suggested that pituitary hormones indirectly regulate bone metabolism through its target glands. However, more and more studies have demonstrated that pituitary hormones such as growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, etc. have a direct regulatory effect on bone metabolism in recent years. They exert biological effects by acting on the corresponding receptors, activating different signaling pathways, acting directly on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and thus leading to reduced bone mass and osteoporotic fractures. Long term use of hormone replacement therapy, such as growth hormone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones, and thyroid hormone, also has different effects on bone metabolism. They also bind directly to the corresponding receptors on the osteoblast or osteoclast membrane and to regulate bone mass through gene or non-gene effects. This article reviews the direct effects of pituitary hormones on bones and the effects of long-term hormone replacement on bones, aiming to help provide insights for early diagnosis of the disease and for precise individualized treatment. |