| Osteoporosis is a chronic bone metabolic disease caused by the break of the dynamic balance between bone resorption and bone formation, which leads to bone loss, decreased bone mineral density, and the destruction of bone fine structure. In recent years, more and more studies have proved that exosome therapy will become an important field in the treatment of osteoporosis. Exosomes are lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles involved in cell-to-cell communication, which regulate the biological activity of recipient cells by delivering lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosomes come from a wide range of sources. They exist in a variety of biological fluids and are secreted by a variety of animal cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells are one of the most promising multifunctional tools in cell therapy field. They not only have the simplicity of separation and minimal invasion, but also involve in bone repair, angiogenesis, nerve regeneration and biological links through differentiation into different cell lineages. They also regulate bone cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis through the paracrine signaling release of exosomes, and affect bone tissue microenvironment thereby preventing and relieving osteoporosis. This article reviews the application and mechanism of exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells in osteoporosis, to provide a theoretical basis for the future application of adipose mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in the clinical treatment of osteoporosis. |